Low Progesterone Infertility|Low Progesterone Infertility Information & Resources
Aug
29
Filed Under (Low Progesterone Infertility) by admin
Jean Morgan asked:
If you are considering using progesterone to relieve the symptoms of menopause then it is very worthwhile to consider natural progesterone products over the chemical based or altered progesterone products.
progesterone in women is produced by the ovaries so when a women begins to go through menopause in mid life, it is only natural that her levels of progesterone will decrease due to the so called “shutting down” of the ovaries and reproductive system.
It is believed that progesterone can have a regulatory effect on the body therefore the belief that progesterone should be topped up in the body is becoming more and more widespread. This applies to both males and females, although this article will focus on progesterone for women going through menopause.
Menopause is when menstruation no longer occurs in a woman. Estrogen production drops to significantly low levels and menstruation marks the end of a woman’s ability to reproduce.
Unfortunately menopause also brings with it some side effects due to the drop in the sex hormones estrogen and progesterone. Most women hit menopause at around 50 to 55 years of age although it can occur earlier.
Menopausal symptoms can include:
Hot flushes
Headaches
Moodiness
Vaginal irritation
Dry skin
Bladder issues
Irritability
Depression
Tiredness
Natural progesterone cream like NatPro provides an all natural supplement for women. The aim of natural progesterone is to reduce or eliminate symptoms of menopause such as hot flushes and vaginal irritation amongst others listed above. Whilst progesterone supplementation will not being a women back into a reproductive cycle (this is impossible), natural progesterone aims to make life easier by minimizing the irritating and often debilitating symptoms of menopause.
NatPro is the leading natural progesterone cream. It does not contain any toxic substances. There are no growth hormones and no unnatural ingredients. This means there is no risk and no side effects.
Natpro only contains only vegetable substances, no animal substances. It is important to know that many drug companies use animals in cruel testing procedures in laboratories. On the other hand, NatPro has never and will never cause suffering to any animal in the manufacture or use of NatPro organic natural progesterone cream.
If a woman becomes estrogen dominant (where there is excessive estrogen but little or no progesterone to balance it out), a variety of health problems can occur such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, weight gain, increased blood clotting, thyroid dysfunction and cancer. This is because there is too much estrogen and not enough progesterone.
For this reason it is vital to balance the estrogen out with an optimal level of natural progesterone. This can be achieved through the use of NatPro, a highly effective and widely recommended organic natural progesterone cream
Researchers are constantly linking many forms of cancer to estrogen dominance, so it is obvious that this needs to be balanced out with progesterone.
Natural progesterone cream is the easiest and least invasive method of bring your progesterone levels up to avoid becoming estrogen dominant.
Theresa
If you are considering using progesterone to relieve the symptoms of menopause then it is very worthwhile to consider natural progesterone products over the chemical based or altered progesterone products.
progesterone in women is produced by the ovaries so when a women begins to go through menopause in mid life, it is only natural that her levels of progesterone will decrease due to the so called “shutting down” of the ovaries and reproductive system.
It is believed that progesterone can have a regulatory effect on the body therefore the belief that progesterone should be topped up in the body is becoming more and more widespread. This applies to both males and females, although this article will focus on progesterone for women going through menopause.
Menopause is when menstruation no longer occurs in a woman. Estrogen production drops to significantly low levels and menstruation marks the end of a woman’s ability to reproduce.
Unfortunately menopause also brings with it some side effects due to the drop in the sex hormones estrogen and progesterone. Most women hit menopause at around 50 to 55 years of age although it can occur earlier.
Menopausal symptoms can include:
Hot flushes
Headaches
Moodiness
Vaginal irritation
Dry skin
Bladder issues
Irritability
Depression
Tiredness
Natural progesterone cream like NatPro provides an all natural supplement for women. The aim of natural progesterone is to reduce or eliminate symptoms of menopause such as hot flushes and vaginal irritation amongst others listed above. Whilst progesterone supplementation will not being a women back into a reproductive cycle (this is impossible), natural progesterone aims to make life easier by minimizing the irritating and often debilitating symptoms of menopause.
NatPro is the leading natural progesterone cream. It does not contain any toxic substances. There are no growth hormones and no unnatural ingredients. This means there is no risk and no side effects.
Natpro only contains only vegetable substances, no animal substances. It is important to know that many drug companies use animals in cruel testing procedures in laboratories. On the other hand, NatPro has never and will never cause suffering to any animal in the manufacture or use of NatPro organic natural progesterone cream.
If a woman becomes estrogen dominant (where there is excessive estrogen but little or no progesterone to balance it out), a variety of health problems can occur such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, weight gain, increased blood clotting, thyroid dysfunction and cancer. This is because there is too much estrogen and not enough progesterone.
For this reason it is vital to balance the estrogen out with an optimal level of natural progesterone. This can be achieved through the use of NatPro, a highly effective and widely recommended organic natural progesterone cream
Researchers are constantly linking many forms of cancer to estrogen dominance, so it is obvious that this needs to be balanced out with progesterone.
Natural progesterone cream is the easiest and least invasive method of bring your progesterone levels up to avoid becoming estrogen dominant.
Theresa
Comments Off
Aug
27
aria2323 asked:
If you have personal experience, I’d love to hear about that too.
If you have personal experience, I’d love to hear about that too.
Husband has had a semen analysis done noow and we’re looking at less then 5 million sperm per mL, so it’s a bit of a disaster.
What are our options?
Sam
Aug
21
Filed Under (Infertility Treatment) by admin
Just Married and very HAPPY! asked:
There are certain states that are mandated to cover infertility for couples. Mine isn’t one of them(PA). I think that it should be covered by all insurance. IVF is $15-25,000.00. That is very expensive. So couples are like Do we want a baby or a house? I think it’s unfair. So many couples go through so much when trying to concieve and if you are infertile, I would think that’s a medical condition. What do others think about this?
Who said you had to pay for anything, and for your info i have two beautiful children it isn’t about me. and who are you or the insurance companies to say that someone can’t have a baby. God told us to multiply the earth. No you won’t die if you can’t have children, but there are alot of things that you won’t die from that the insurance covers. Besides, IVF is the most expensive, there are other less costly treatments they still won’t cover.
To Meggy Jo, God is not the cause of bad things. What kind of God would do that? Bad things happen to good people all the time. Crack heads have kids, pedofiles have kids, serial killers and rapists can have kids - so why would he just all of sudden pick a person to not have children?
Ricky
There are certain states that are mandated to cover infertility for couples. Mine isn’t one of them(PA). I think that it should be covered by all insurance. IVF is $15-25,000.00. That is very expensive. So couples are like Do we want a baby or a house? I think it’s unfair. So many couples go through so much when trying to concieve and if you are infertile, I would think that’s a medical condition. What do others think about this?
Who said you had to pay for anything, and for your info i have two beautiful children it isn’t about me. and who are you or the insurance companies to say that someone can’t have a baby. God told us to multiply the earth. No you won’t die if you can’t have children, but there are alot of things that you won’t die from that the insurance covers. Besides, IVF is the most expensive, there are other less costly treatments they still won’t cover.
To Meggy Jo, God is not the cause of bad things. What kind of God would do that? Bad things happen to good people all the time. Crack heads have kids, pedofiles have kids, serial killers and rapists can have kids - so why would he just all of sudden pick a person to not have children?
Ricky
Aug
19
saltnsaffron asked:
My progesterone level is too low, which proves i am not ovoluting. my doc put me on chlomid 100mg a day for 5 days, i missed a period the next cycle. when i took chlomid again in the subsequent cycle, i got period which is lasting a month! Ultrasound is normal too. any similar experience? Any doc online who can advise? Looks like i cannot get pregnant. I am 40 dont have tiem to lose anymore!
Mitchell
My progesterone level is too low, which proves i am not ovoluting. my doc put me on chlomid 100mg a day for 5 days, i missed a period the next cycle. when i took chlomid again in the subsequent cycle, i got period which is lasting a month! Ultrasound is normal too. any similar experience? Any doc online who can advise? Looks like i cannot get pregnant. I am 40 dont have tiem to lose anymore!
Mitchell
Aug
17
Liverpool4Life asked:
I was wondering if the FSA (flexible spending account) can be used at at cryogen laboratory (sperm bank) and for IUI treatments? The IUI is done at a Dr.’s office so I would think that it could, but I was really wondering about the Cryo-bank. (since my insurance does not cover fertility / infertility).
Sally
I was wondering if the FSA (flexible spending account) can be used at at cryogen laboratory (sperm bank) and for IUI treatments? The IUI is done at a Dr.’s office so I would think that it could, but I was really wondering about the Cryo-bank. (since my insurance does not cover fertility / infertility).
Sally
Aug
15
G.M. Wani asked:
Abstract
Reproductive health management in Ruminants is a buzz word called Total Quality Management (TQM). Goals to achieve reproductive efficiency means 12-13 months calving interval, low repeat breeding and early rebreeding after parturition. Less than 2% abortion & less than 10% retained placenta and metritis in in herds may ensure less that 18% culling rates.
In a developed country like USA reproductive efficiency has decreased. A total conception of 51% in 1955 has reduced to 38%. Does it speak we have to make use of modern technologies of ETT (Embryo transfer technology). The old conventional sleeve, rectal palpation, CL evaluation, reproductive disease diagnostic, has to be replaced with ultrasonography, laparoscopy, DNA guided diagnostic and improved fertility assessment technologies. Various modern technological impact on improving reproductive management have been discussed.
Uterine diagnostics for reducing (COD) Cystic ovarian disease, anoestrus, reproductive losses and infertility needs emphasis. The reproductive techniques consist of cryo-preservation, sperm sexing, spermatogenesis, invitrofertilization, nuclear transfers and introduction of disease resistance and animal welfare too. The reproductive difficulties in artificially produced calves, and stress to their mothers are averse to animal welfare. Various methods and their effects have been reviewed.
A new role of foeto maternal effects of hybridization of breeds has come to surface. Various such events have been expressed. New reproductive concepts such as Nitric oxide as a signaling molecule, Endothelial, nitric oxide synthase and its effects on reproductive ability have been explained. New knowledge models, like development of ovine concepts, foeto maternal interaction, extra cellular hormone action, cytokines, relay signals and their conversion to monomeric and dimeric forms have been postulated.
Hypothalmic astrocyle concept model with its biological control system has been detailed. Major technological innovations by the author in last 2 decades have been shown as pictorial monographs. A new concept of Dairy economic Vission 2050 for India has been forecasted.
A global policy prospect of Livestock industry for India has been attempted to glow Livestock marketing competition. A possible mega role for small farmers enterprise with mixed farming modules is presented. New generated technology transfer, research needs and gaps have been identified for young researchers.
Introduction:
1. Total Quality Management
(TQM) is the current buzzword in the production of quality food animal products for human consumption. The TQM concept implies that appropriate attention is given to all facets of dairy herds management in an effort to satisfy the consumer and their needs. Maintaining good records and using computer driven technology is recommended. Goals that are realistic and made possible by adopting a reproductive health programme are:
i. Average calving interval between 12 to 13 months.
ii. Breeding efficiency below 1.5 services per conception and less than 30 percent returns after 60 days.
iii. Postpartum interval to first standing heat between 30 to 40 days.
iv. Postpartum interval to first breeding no greater than 55 to 70 days.
v. Repeat breeders of 8 to 10 percent or less,
vi. Abnormal anestrus after 60 days postpartum reduced to 2 to 15 percent.
vii. Abortions of 1 to 2 percent or less.
viii. Retained placentas of 5 to 10 percent or less.
ix. Metritis of 5 to 10 percent or less
x. Culling percentage for reproductive failure below 18 percent.
2. Reproductive Efficiency
The famous reproductive scientist and clinician Zemjanis, compared the reproductive efficiency attained in U.S.A during 1955 with that of herds maintained in 1985. The first service conception had decreased from 53.4% to 38.7 in 1985 and the corresponding figures for total conception rate were reduced from 50.7% to 37.7%. The percentage of open cows at P.D. examination increased from 22 to 27. Repeat breeding was around 15% calving interval was 13.2 – 13.4 months. The prenatal deaths increased from 3.4 to 9%. Thus decline of reproductive efficiency in 1985 or 2007 over past 3-4 decades was observed. Is it that technologies of 1955 are not able to deliver efficient reproduction in 2007 ?. During the period a huge new set of technologies came into existence. Is that we need to incorporate new technology refinement in herd management especially reproductive ability ?. Should we go beyond traditional rectal palpation or sleeves and visits to new monitoring and evaluation through ultrasonic or other new technology?. A variety of application of new technologies are needed for heat detection. CL evaluation, reproductive disease diagnosis, semen evaluation, pregnancy diagnosis, infertility and other reproductive losses. This is where we need “Reproductive health Management through new techniques”. (Zem janis, 1987)
3. Uterine Diagnostics
The Uterine Condition can be disgnosed by Rectal palpation, vaginal speculum examination, uterine swab culture, uterine biopsy, ultrasonic imaging of uterus and ovaries, and progesterone testing. Abnormal postpartum cows are identified based on uterine horn size and texture in addition to vulvar discharge. Cows identified as abnormal are treated, with intrauterine infusion of antibiotics, antiseptics, chemical irritants, prostaglandin injection, or a combination of these agents. Most cows (>80%) should ovulate by 30 days postcalving. Cystic ovarian disease (COD) may occur in 5 to 10% of cows postpartum and delay first ovulation and first breeding. Anestrous cows will have small inactive ovaries with little change over sequential examinations. Follicles <15 mm in diameter may be found on examination, but fail to ovulate. Diagnosis of pregnancy at 35 days has enhanced value compared to 45 days or later. Pregnancy exam at 35 days reduces days between breeding and the percentage of cows over 48 days between breeding. (Ferguson, 1995)
4. Reproductive Biotechniques:
Based on the progress in scientific knowledge of endocrinology, reproductive physio- biology and embryology during the last fifty years, new bio-techniques have been developed and introduced into animal breeding and husbandry. Among them are oestrussynchronisation / ovulation induction, artificial insemination, multiple ovulation induction, embryo transfer (MOET), in vitro embryo production (IVP) and cloning by nuclear transfer. The aims of these reproductive technologies were initially to speed up the genetic improvements of farm animals by the increase of offspring of selected males and females, and the reduction of the generation intervals. The techniques of cloning by nuclear transfer applied for experimental purposes, have the prospect of more practical implementation in near future. The uniformity of herds for an early management or for the multiplication of transgenic animals after gene-targeting shall be its outcome. Within the farm animal biotechnologies, animal welfare should receive special attention. Transfer of embryos into dairy cows may lead to more dystocia. Intrauterine insemination via laparoscopy or laparotomy with minimal anaesthesia by breeder organizations operates stress in animals.
Both multiple ovulation induction and embryo transfer are generally accepted technically. However the transfer of embryos after multiple ovulation increase in embryonic death, larger calves with longer gestation times, and more dystocia (van wagtendo et al 2000). Some of the biotechnologies used in modern animal reproduction management can be summarized and named as :
5. Reproductive Techniques:
Reproductive techniques have been reviewed, wani, 2004 and are briefly reproduced as :
i. Ist Generation Reproductive Technologies:
a. Artificial insemination technology
b. Cryo-preservation Techniques.
c. Sperm sexing
d. Opportune time insemination
e. Spermatogenesis.
ii. 2nd Generation Reproductive Technologies
a. Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer (MOET).
b. Embryo Development Blocks.
c. Embryo Flushing & evaluation.
d. Embryo preservation and culture.
iii. 3rd Generation Reproductive Technologies
a. Invitro fertilization (IVF)
b. Clonning Techniques.
iv. Future Generation Reproductive Technologies
a. Stem cell technology
b. Embryonic cell lines.
c. Pro-nuclear microinjections
d. Nuclear Transfers
e. Viral Mediated Transgenesis
v. Reproduction Biotechnology application
a. New animal products.
b. Profitable production traits.
c. Disease resistance
d. Animal welfare and protection.
Successful somatic cloned animal production has been reported in various domesticated species, including cattle; however it is associated with a high rate of pregnancy failure. The low cloning yield could possibly arise from either an abnormal and / or poorly developed placenta. In comparison to control cows, fewer placentomes were found in somatic cell nuclearrecipient (NT) cows at day 60 of gestation, suggesting a retardation of fetal /placental growth in these animals. NT cows not only had fewer numbers of chorionic villi but also had poorly developed caruncles. Macroscopic examination revealed a typical development of the placentomes in terms of shape and size. Histological disruption of chorionic villi and caruncular septum was found in NT cows. Of particular interest was that the expression of genes, as well as proteins in the placentome, was disparate between NT and artificially inseminated cows, especially placental lactogen (PL) and pregnancy associated glycoprotein (PAG). In contrast, prolactin-related protein (PRP-I) signals were comparable across cows, including NT cows carrying immotile fetuses. The expression of extracellular matrix degrading molecule, heparanase (HPA) in NT cows was divergent from that of control cows. Microarray data suggest that gene expression was disorientated in early stages of implantation in NT cows, but this was eliminated with progression of gestation. These findings strongly support a delay in trophoblast development during early stages of placentation in NT cows, and suggest that placental specific proteins, including PLs, PAGs, and HPA are key indicators for the aberration of gestation and placental function in cows. (Kruip and Van Re, 2008)
There is a large body of evidence demonstrating that, in comparison with in vivo programme controls, the size and weight of IVP calves is higher (30% over 50 kg), the gestation period is longer, the % dystocia and the incidence of caesarean sections is much high. The % abortions and perinatal death are also higher (Behboodi et al, 1995; Kruip and Den Daas 1995; Wagtendon-de Leeuw et al. 1998; 2000). In general the calves are less active (Reinders et al. 1995). In addition the % of hydroallantois and congenital malformation including abnormal limbs and spinal cords, is increased in IVP calves and lambs. Taking together these problems are defined as the large offspring syndrome (LOS) (Young 1998). (Farin & Farin; 1995) and Sinclair et al. (1997) found a differential growth of organs (liver, heart , kidneys and adrenal gland) after IVP. Postnatally too some IVP calves anomalies were observed. (deRoos et al.2000)
MOET, including synchronization and induction of oestrus and AI, as well as IVP,NT are sometimes with serious consequences. We suggest (potential) risks of biotechnologies for farm animal welfare should be systematically assessed. The type of research should be multidisciplinary and should make use of appropriate scientifically valid experimental designs and protocols. Results obtained accordingly in developing and using the safest biotechnological methods and procedures. Technological progress which is ethically justified and beneficial for society in general the scientific and agricultural community i,e made use of for increased productivity.
6. New Concepts
Nitric oxide as a signaling molecule:
Many years scientists in reproductive research talked of endothelium-derived relaxing Factor (EDRF). This was thought to be a signaling molecule. The discovery that EDRF was in fact nitric oxide (NO). Over 60,000 papers have been published in last 10 years on NO. Nobel prize of 1998 was on this discovery. Nitric oxide is responsible for neurotransmission, immune defence, cell death, (apoptosis) and cell motility. It has a half life of few seconds. Enzyme producing it are (NOS) nitric oxide synthases (Phil, 2007).
Nitric Oxide being a small molecule, diffuses rapidly across cell membrane. Its diffusion distances can be several hundred microns and its biological effects are mediated through a range of targets as haem groups, cysteine residues, iron or zinc clusters.
Nitric oxide (NO) is now recognized as an important intracellular and inter cellular messenger. It relaxes uterine tissues, by inhibiting uterine contractility. Thus, by reducing uterine movement it helps in uterine quiescence. This is habitual of progesterones and antignostic to PGF2 alpha. NO has also a role in ovulation by interplaying ovarian steriodogenesis and prostaglandins.
Progesterone synthesis is reported to have increased in NO dose dependent rats (Yuan et al, 1999) Nitric oxide decreases oestradiol secretion in rats. It is established that NO plays a role in endothelium dependent vascular relaxation, phagocytic cell cytotoxicity, cenbtral nervous system neurotransmission and uterine relaxation (Moha et al, 2001). Granulosa cells and luteal cells in the rat ovary synthesize nitric oxide. Preovulatory follicles in their theca and stromal cell layers have enzyme synthesis. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOSIII) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS II) are among these enzymes.
Nitric Oxide is a fast acting signal which has the capacity to block entrance of blood components into follicular fluid. New concept of NOS system operating in ovulation and follicular rupture is now postulated. NOS acts via vascular dilation and ovulatory leukocyte distribution. The reorganization of follicular rupture and formation of corpora lutea requires nitric oxide. Thus, NO is having a role in ovarian physiology and steriodogenesis.
A neuropathway may be evinced in future. There is evidence of hypothalmic NOS – containing neurons, that regulate LH. Moreover, NOS containing (NERVE) fibers have also been found in rats. Does NO act as a local modulator of steriodogenesis? as many of its actions are mediated by Iron-containing enzymes, like guanylate cyclase and cyclo oxygene. The upregulation of progesterone and down regulation of oestradiol production in ovaries is now ascribed to NOS – system. NO may act by binding to the iron-sulphur moiety of the enzymes involved in the process of steriodiogenesis and effecting their production. (Yuan et al, 1999; Motta et al. 2001).
7. New Knowledge models
a. Development of Ovine conceptus
? Protective covering on caruncles
? Protective mucin covering.
? 18th day transitory attachment.
? 39th day cotyledons appear.
? 40th day projections from elongated Blastocysts into caruncular Epithelia.
? 42th day syncytial formation.
? 48th day attachment fixed as placentomes.
? Non-invasive attachment.
? Invasive attachment post 40th day.
? 80th Day of Gestation – placentomes, - structured appearance of recognizable individual cotyledons & caruncles disappear.
? Intra caruncular and caruncular cotyledonary attachment is supported by evidence from:
• Histological change
• Progesterone / Estrogen receptors
• Biochemical & Morphological evidences.
(Khatoon, 2007 – M.V.Sc thesis)
b. Foeto maternal interaction Transitory attachment
Binucleate cells (Gestation day) 18
Proliferation of Endometrial cells
E2/P4 receptors
Growth factors.
Progesterone receptors increase with gestation progress.
? Estrogen E2 receptors almost constant during pregnancy.
? Increased E/P ratio.
? Fluctuations in mineral, glucose, enzyme and proteins.
? Vaginal, cervical and uterine epithelial changes observed as pregnancy progressed.
C. Extracellular hormones actions (Concept by Canadian Scientists)
Growth factor or Cytokines …… Transcription of genes through specific receptor ….. Intracellular signaling molecules (Groner, 2002).
Conversion Monomeric to Dimeric form
Modus: Tyrosine phosphorylation
D. Hypothalmic astrocytes Employ ….. Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) Directly to regulate GnRH ….. controls … Sexual maturation … & …. Adult reproduction functions
This is what we name now as: Astrocyte – GnRH – Neuron signaling Pathway
Techniques used : Situ hybridization immunohistochemistry … … Motion communication processes.
Bouret et al, 2004 France
E. Biological Control
Multiple signals …. Receptivity or un-receptivity (Ringo et al, 1996 – U.S.A) Hypothalmo –pituitary – gonodotrophic – axis …. Mid gestation develops in sheep - late gestation … GnRH neuron centers develop in pregnancy or during foetal life … Only Maturational changes occur at Puberty – so as to form a GnRH neuronal system.
F. Hypothalmo – pictuitory – somatorophic axis begin in fetal life
Midgestation …. But Growth hormone R.H neuronal system does not develop until 10 weeks after birth. (Polkowska, 1995) Poland
8. “Major Technological Advances by author in last 10 years”
i. An attempt using ovaries and sperms from slaughtered sheep for invitro -fertilization and invitro-maturation techniques were used to produce morula. fig.1. These techniques innovated and published have aroused world wide recognitions, as awards. This work has been cited by Histcite-Index Lan wilmut founder of Dolly, the Sheep. (wani & wani,2000, 2003). In this era of biosafety and international Zoo and phyto sanitation, an attempt was made to limit bacterial and microbial loads in semen. Invitro bacterial sensitivity and bacterial load of semen was reported, (Seh et al 2000) (Koul 2002) which stimulated a new era of biosafety of gametes and higher fertility rates in cattle.
ii. The hitherto untapped research area of pre-natal development of ovine foetus was attempted (Mufti et al 2000, Wani and Buchoo, 1990). The investigation aroused much interest and citations. Very few studies on this area are available in world. This study is of great value for human and animal health. It has been further investigated during last few years. For the first time in world we have presented the mammalian foeto maternal union in its true form. This is an indirect association. A new concept of foetal growth, differentiation, foetal cotyledons within the elongated blastocysts has aroused the hope for preparation of a Invitro-Foetal –Development Model. (Wani,et al, 2006a, 2006b). These new concepts were presented in International conferences on Genomic and Proteomic concepts. The models were highly appreciated for use in various drug – gene – disease control interactions. (Wani et al,2006c; d;e). The binuclear and hybrid nuclear cells have been identified to specify syncytia & related mechanisms of foeto-maternal attachments. Fig.2. These concepts shall revolutionize disease resistance, control and prevention.
iii. We tried fish ovarian extract ( waste material) to replace costly synthetic hormones. This is ready for patatening. Laparoscopy for ovarian prediction along with ultrasonic use for pregnancy diagnosis in Sheep & goats was innovated and perfected . (Wani et al, 1998; Mufti et al, 1998).The use of hcG for improving lambing rates (Wani et al 2000) and use of laparoscopy for ovulation detection are new replications of our earlier investigations (Buchoo et al 2000).World famous Elsevier / Academic Press invited me to write a paper for Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences Vol II PP 1259-1270. The only Asian to be invited to contribute on Goat Management Systems is in itself significant achievement summed up by the world famous Prof. John R.Campbell, the president Emeritus of Oklahama State University as “World renowned disciplinary expert, Wise and excellent author”. Our work on Economics of Pashmina goats and their Genetic characterization has been applauded by world famous Scientists and has helped Pashmina Industry in Ladakh to produce fine pashmina.
iv. Our recent prenatal and research on foeto maternal interactions is one of its unique in the world. Various gynaecological land marks, placental and immunological barriers, caruncle, cotyledon development and their association is of unique nature and can be reviewed in Fig 1-10.
9. Dairy Economics:
Dairy Farming in particular and Livestock enterprises in General suffer from two problems:
1. Higher production and maintenance cost
2. Low market prices of livestock products
Global milk pricing varies with Dairy Farm Structures. Dairy Farm Structures are either small 2-5 animal farms as ours or large more than 50 or 100. The countries like USA, EU, Canada, Isreal, Hungry, USA, South America and Oceania have large farm structures. Except Oceania none produce milk at world market price of 15-22 dollar a quintal. Thereby, signifying large farm structures are not always economical. Our small holding size of dairy structure is more competitive than West. This advantage needs to be harvested under WTO-Liberalization Global System. Should this need strengthening of small farmer’s co-operative? Do we needs implementation of small farmer friendly policies. The sale of 1 litre of milk in India is less than a litre of water. This needs serious consideration by our planning commission.
a. Higher Production Costs
The costs of milk production are high in Scandinavian Countries and Spain. The yesterday giants are todays loosers. The highest production price is also in counties like Hungary, Czech Republic, Isreal, Bangladesh, Thailand and parts of China. Their cost of production is more than global average cost of production viz 15-22 dollars/quintal. Those who produce at world market prices of 15-22 dollars include Estonia, Poland, Chile, Brazil, India, Vietnam and Oceania. Thus, we have tough competition with these nations to gain export markets. The Switzerland, Norway and Canada produce milk at much higher price than EU and USA, their markets in middle east are our export pastures.
b. Lower Milk Prices
The low milk prices than world market averages are in Argentina and Pakistan. However, they have distribution advantage rather than production axis, as farmers demorcating forums are non-existant. As such they may not pose any competition with us. We have export advantage in Asia as our other neighbour China too produces milk at higher costs. We must prepare ourselves as “Future milk Exporters in Asia”. This needs a preparation for zoo-sanitation and export oriented shift in policy decision.
c. North-West-Export-Zone
The northern-west states have self sufficiency in milk. We have to make this North-West-Zone comprising of J&K, H.P., Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat as our potential milk export-zone. We will have to induce mission modes for its animal disease-free-status, so that we meet international-zoo-Sanitary standards. Poor zoo-sanitation is our major block to exports of milk. Outreach to farmers on these lines is suggested.
10. Global meat industry:
The next thrust area under transfer of technology has to make India “major meat exporting” country. The global meat industry is slowly moving in the hands of Brasallians and Chinese farmers. Thanks to our vegetarian majority diets we too are on run. Against, daily needs of 25g/person/day we produce only half of it on per capita basis, but our advantage with goat meat abundance can differentiate our export potential from the rest. Even global super powers USA have more demand for Cheron than what is produced. A policy change and frame work has to be drafted. Our product technology packaging and consumer preferences have to be webbed through transfer of technology to export concerns in particular and in general to home users. The focus has to be centered around hygienic meat production, ecological preservation, processing and product technology. This in principle means “reshaping livestock range and forage management” through effective communication and transfer of technology across its terminal and potential users and beneficiaries.
11. Generated Technology Transfer
We have to lead in Embryo transfer technology in Asia as has been done by us in dissemination of AI technology, in collaboration with Swedish expertise. Many international experiences are needed in this and other Transfer of Technology missions. We need bio-technological links to be developed with industry and user departments. Licensing in service mode is desired in technology transfer. We can do it on Cornell University pattern. Strengthening pre-clinical, clinical and basic diagnostic skills to glow animal science Institutes as a word referral clinical centers. This would need emphasis on technician training facilities for physiology, Reproduction, AI, Biochemistry neurosciences, biology and like. Linking, research and extension, faculty, students and farmers under KVK pattern are needed for quick animal science technology transfer. The referral TOT in animal sciences is ready to be switched on in the following area in next few years.
? Rapid diagnostic tools and techniques
? Tannin degradation technology and low- cost feed packaging
? High security disease prevalence checks. May be its sharing of emerging disease pattern with public health experts give us better dividends.
? Biotechniques for germplasm propagation and improvements.
12. In short we need Emphasis on
? Global-food- system-chain-factors(GFSCF)
? Research on competitive comparative health and disease (CCDH)
? Internationalize Veterinary and animal science education.
? Out reach for global farming through TOT.(Transfer of Technology)
13. Future Research Needs or Gaps
• Avoiding emerging diseases threats
• Refined disease diagnostics
• Drug – disease – targeting.
International Zoo-Sanitation regulations and product safety measures to fit us in Global – food – chain – operative systems.
14. Future Research Targets
i. Targeted gene delivery.
ii. Neuroregulatory mechanisms.
iii. Innate immune system.
iv. Protein interactions – transcriptional conformational mechanism.
v. Gene – drug – designing. Molecule targeting under Genome.
vi. Natural receptivity associated proteins for immune protection imaging and mapping.
Sandra
Abstract
Reproductive health management in Ruminants is a buzz word called Total Quality Management (TQM). Goals to achieve reproductive efficiency means 12-13 months calving interval, low repeat breeding and early rebreeding after parturition. Less than 2% abortion & less than 10% retained placenta and metritis in in herds may ensure less that 18% culling rates.
In a developed country like USA reproductive efficiency has decreased. A total conception of 51% in 1955 has reduced to 38%. Does it speak we have to make use of modern technologies of ETT (Embryo transfer technology). The old conventional sleeve, rectal palpation, CL evaluation, reproductive disease diagnostic, has to be replaced with ultrasonography, laparoscopy, DNA guided diagnostic and improved fertility assessment technologies. Various modern technological impact on improving reproductive management have been discussed.
Uterine diagnostics for reducing (COD) Cystic ovarian disease, anoestrus, reproductive losses and infertility needs emphasis. The reproductive techniques consist of cryo-preservation, sperm sexing, spermatogenesis, invitrofertilization, nuclear transfers and introduction of disease resistance and animal welfare too. The reproductive difficulties in artificially produced calves, and stress to their mothers are averse to animal welfare. Various methods and their effects have been reviewed.
A new role of foeto maternal effects of hybridization of breeds has come to surface. Various such events have been expressed. New reproductive concepts such as Nitric oxide as a signaling molecule, Endothelial, nitric oxide synthase and its effects on reproductive ability have been explained. New knowledge models, like development of ovine concepts, foeto maternal interaction, extra cellular hormone action, cytokines, relay signals and their conversion to monomeric and dimeric forms have been postulated.
Hypothalmic astrocyle concept model with its biological control system has been detailed. Major technological innovations by the author in last 2 decades have been shown as pictorial monographs. A new concept of Dairy economic Vission 2050 for India has been forecasted.
A global policy prospect of Livestock industry for India has been attempted to glow Livestock marketing competition. A possible mega role for small farmers enterprise with mixed farming modules is presented. New generated technology transfer, research needs and gaps have been identified for young researchers.
Introduction:
1. Total Quality Management
(TQM) is the current buzzword in the production of quality food animal products for human consumption. The TQM concept implies that appropriate attention is given to all facets of dairy herds management in an effort to satisfy the consumer and their needs. Maintaining good records and using computer driven technology is recommended. Goals that are realistic and made possible by adopting a reproductive health programme are:
i. Average calving interval between 12 to 13 months.
ii. Breeding efficiency below 1.5 services per conception and less than 30 percent returns after 60 days.
iii. Postpartum interval to first standing heat between 30 to 40 days.
iv. Postpartum interval to first breeding no greater than 55 to 70 days.
v. Repeat breeders of 8 to 10 percent or less,
vi. Abnormal anestrus after 60 days postpartum reduced to 2 to 15 percent.
vii. Abortions of 1 to 2 percent or less.
viii. Retained placentas of 5 to 10 percent or less.
ix. Metritis of 5 to 10 percent or less
x. Culling percentage for reproductive failure below 18 percent.
2. Reproductive Efficiency
The famous reproductive scientist and clinician Zemjanis, compared the reproductive efficiency attained in U.S.A during 1955 with that of herds maintained in 1985. The first service conception had decreased from 53.4% to 38.7 in 1985 and the corresponding figures for total conception rate were reduced from 50.7% to 37.7%. The percentage of open cows at P.D. examination increased from 22 to 27. Repeat breeding was around 15% calving interval was 13.2 – 13.4 months. The prenatal deaths increased from 3.4 to 9%. Thus decline of reproductive efficiency in 1985 or 2007 over past 3-4 decades was observed. Is it that technologies of 1955 are not able to deliver efficient reproduction in 2007 ?. During the period a huge new set of technologies came into existence. Is that we need to incorporate new technology refinement in herd management especially reproductive ability ?. Should we go beyond traditional rectal palpation or sleeves and visits to new monitoring and evaluation through ultrasonic or other new technology?. A variety of application of new technologies are needed for heat detection. CL evaluation, reproductive disease diagnosis, semen evaluation, pregnancy diagnosis, infertility and other reproductive losses. This is where we need “Reproductive health Management through new techniques”. (Zem janis, 1987)
3. Uterine Diagnostics
The Uterine Condition can be disgnosed by Rectal palpation, vaginal speculum examination, uterine swab culture, uterine biopsy, ultrasonic imaging of uterus and ovaries, and progesterone testing. Abnormal postpartum cows are identified based on uterine horn size and texture in addition to vulvar discharge. Cows identified as abnormal are treated, with intrauterine infusion of antibiotics, antiseptics, chemical irritants, prostaglandin injection, or a combination of these agents. Most cows (>80%) should ovulate by 30 days postcalving. Cystic ovarian disease (COD) may occur in 5 to 10% of cows postpartum and delay first ovulation and first breeding. Anestrous cows will have small inactive ovaries with little change over sequential examinations. Follicles <15 mm in diameter may be found on examination, but fail to ovulate. Diagnosis of pregnancy at 35 days has enhanced value compared to 45 days or later. Pregnancy exam at 35 days reduces days between breeding and the percentage of cows over 48 days between breeding. (Ferguson, 1995)
4. Reproductive Biotechniques:
Based on the progress in scientific knowledge of endocrinology, reproductive physio- biology and embryology during the last fifty years, new bio-techniques have been developed and introduced into animal breeding and husbandry. Among them are oestrussynchronisation / ovulation induction, artificial insemination, multiple ovulation induction, embryo transfer (MOET), in vitro embryo production (IVP) and cloning by nuclear transfer. The aims of these reproductive technologies were initially to speed up the genetic improvements of farm animals by the increase of offspring of selected males and females, and the reduction of the generation intervals. The techniques of cloning by nuclear transfer applied for experimental purposes, have the prospect of more practical implementation in near future. The uniformity of herds for an early management or for the multiplication of transgenic animals after gene-targeting shall be its outcome. Within the farm animal biotechnologies, animal welfare should receive special attention. Transfer of embryos into dairy cows may lead to more dystocia. Intrauterine insemination via laparoscopy or laparotomy with minimal anaesthesia by breeder organizations operates stress in animals.
Both multiple ovulation induction and embryo transfer are generally accepted technically. However the transfer of embryos after multiple ovulation increase in embryonic death, larger calves with longer gestation times, and more dystocia (van wagtendo et al 2000). Some of the biotechnologies used in modern animal reproduction management can be summarized and named as :
5. Reproductive Techniques:
Reproductive techniques have been reviewed, wani, 2004 and are briefly reproduced as :
i. Ist Generation Reproductive Technologies:
a. Artificial insemination technology
b. Cryo-preservation Techniques.
c. Sperm sexing
d. Opportune time insemination
e. Spermatogenesis.
ii. 2nd Generation Reproductive Technologies
a. Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer (MOET).
b. Embryo Development Blocks.
c. Embryo Flushing & evaluation.
d. Embryo preservation and culture.
iii. 3rd Generation Reproductive Technologies
a. Invitro fertilization (IVF)
b. Clonning Techniques.
iv. Future Generation Reproductive Technologies
a. Stem cell technology
b. Embryonic cell lines.
c. Pro-nuclear microinjections
d. Nuclear Transfers
e. Viral Mediated Transgenesis
v. Reproduction Biotechnology application
a. New animal products.
b. Profitable production traits.
c. Disease resistance
d. Animal welfare and protection.
Successful somatic cloned animal production has been reported in various domesticated species, including cattle; however it is associated with a high rate of pregnancy failure. The low cloning yield could possibly arise from either an abnormal and / or poorly developed placenta. In comparison to control cows, fewer placentomes were found in somatic cell nuclearrecipient (NT) cows at day 60 of gestation, suggesting a retardation of fetal /placental growth in these animals. NT cows not only had fewer numbers of chorionic villi but also had poorly developed caruncles. Macroscopic examination revealed a typical development of the placentomes in terms of shape and size. Histological disruption of chorionic villi and caruncular septum was found in NT cows. Of particular interest was that the expression of genes, as well as proteins in the placentome, was disparate between NT and artificially inseminated cows, especially placental lactogen (PL) and pregnancy associated glycoprotein (PAG). In contrast, prolactin-related protein (PRP-I) signals were comparable across cows, including NT cows carrying immotile fetuses. The expression of extracellular matrix degrading molecule, heparanase (HPA) in NT cows was divergent from that of control cows. Microarray data suggest that gene expression was disorientated in early stages of implantation in NT cows, but this was eliminated with progression of gestation. These findings strongly support a delay in trophoblast development during early stages of placentation in NT cows, and suggest that placental specific proteins, including PLs, PAGs, and HPA are key indicators for the aberration of gestation and placental function in cows. (Kruip and Van Re, 2008)
There is a large body of evidence demonstrating that, in comparison with in vivo programme controls, the size and weight of IVP calves is higher (30% over 50 kg), the gestation period is longer, the % dystocia and the incidence of caesarean sections is much high. The % abortions and perinatal death are also higher (Behboodi et al, 1995; Kruip and Den Daas 1995; Wagtendon-de Leeuw et al. 1998; 2000). In general the calves are less active (Reinders et al. 1995). In addition the % of hydroallantois and congenital malformation including abnormal limbs and spinal cords, is increased in IVP calves and lambs. Taking together these problems are defined as the large offspring syndrome (LOS) (Young 1998). (Farin & Farin; 1995) and Sinclair et al. (1997) found a differential growth of organs (liver, heart , kidneys and adrenal gland) after IVP. Postnatally too some IVP calves anomalies were observed. (deRoos et al.2000)
MOET, including synchronization and induction of oestrus and AI, as well as IVP,NT are sometimes with serious consequences. We suggest (potential) risks of biotechnologies for farm animal welfare should be systematically assessed. The type of research should be multidisciplinary and should make use of appropriate scientifically valid experimental designs and protocols. Results obtained accordingly in developing and using the safest biotechnological methods and procedures. Technological progress which is ethically justified and beneficial for society in general the scientific and agricultural community i,e made use of for increased productivity.
6. New Concepts
Nitric oxide as a signaling molecule:
Many years scientists in reproductive research talked of endothelium-derived relaxing Factor (EDRF). This was thought to be a signaling molecule. The discovery that EDRF was in fact nitric oxide (NO). Over 60,000 papers have been published in last 10 years on NO. Nobel prize of 1998 was on this discovery. Nitric oxide is responsible for neurotransmission, immune defence, cell death, (apoptosis) and cell motility. It has a half life of few seconds. Enzyme producing it are (NOS) nitric oxide synthases (Phil, 2007).
Nitric Oxide being a small molecule, diffuses rapidly across cell membrane. Its diffusion distances can be several hundred microns and its biological effects are mediated through a range of targets as haem groups, cysteine residues, iron or zinc clusters.
Nitric oxide (NO) is now recognized as an important intracellular and inter cellular messenger. It relaxes uterine tissues, by inhibiting uterine contractility. Thus, by reducing uterine movement it helps in uterine quiescence. This is habitual of progesterones and antignostic to PGF2 alpha. NO has also a role in ovulation by interplaying ovarian steriodogenesis and prostaglandins.
Progesterone synthesis is reported to have increased in NO dose dependent rats (Yuan et al, 1999) Nitric oxide decreases oestradiol secretion in rats. It is established that NO plays a role in endothelium dependent vascular relaxation, phagocytic cell cytotoxicity, cenbtral nervous system neurotransmission and uterine relaxation (Moha et al, 2001). Granulosa cells and luteal cells in the rat ovary synthesize nitric oxide. Preovulatory follicles in their theca and stromal cell layers have enzyme synthesis. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOSIII) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS II) are among these enzymes.
Nitric Oxide is a fast acting signal which has the capacity to block entrance of blood components into follicular fluid. New concept of NOS system operating in ovulation and follicular rupture is now postulated. NOS acts via vascular dilation and ovulatory leukocyte distribution. The reorganization of follicular rupture and formation of corpora lutea requires nitric oxide. Thus, NO is having a role in ovarian physiology and steriodogenesis.
A neuropathway may be evinced in future. There is evidence of hypothalmic NOS – containing neurons, that regulate LH. Moreover, NOS containing (NERVE) fibers have also been found in rats. Does NO act as a local modulator of steriodogenesis? as many of its actions are mediated by Iron-containing enzymes, like guanylate cyclase and cyclo oxygene. The upregulation of progesterone and down regulation of oestradiol production in ovaries is now ascribed to NOS – system. NO may act by binding to the iron-sulphur moiety of the enzymes involved in the process of steriodiogenesis and effecting their production. (Yuan et al, 1999; Motta et al. 2001).
7. New Knowledge models
a. Development of Ovine conceptus
? Protective covering on caruncles
? Protective mucin covering.
? 18th day transitory attachment.
? 39th day cotyledons appear.
? 40th day projections from elongated Blastocysts into caruncular Epithelia.
? 42th day syncytial formation.
? 48th day attachment fixed as placentomes.
? Non-invasive attachment.
? Invasive attachment post 40th day.
? 80th Day of Gestation – placentomes, - structured appearance of recognizable individual cotyledons & caruncles disappear.
? Intra caruncular and caruncular cotyledonary attachment is supported by evidence from:
• Histological change
• Progesterone / Estrogen receptors
• Biochemical & Morphological evidences.
(Khatoon, 2007 – M.V.Sc thesis)
b. Foeto maternal interaction Transitory attachment
Binucleate cells (Gestation day) 18
Proliferation of Endometrial cells
E2/P4 receptors
Growth factors.
Progesterone receptors increase with gestation progress.
? Estrogen E2 receptors almost constant during pregnancy.
? Increased E/P ratio.
? Fluctuations in mineral, glucose, enzyme and proteins.
? Vaginal, cervical and uterine epithelial changes observed as pregnancy progressed.
C. Extracellular hormones actions (Concept by Canadian Scientists)
Growth factor or Cytokines …… Transcription of genes through specific receptor ….. Intracellular signaling molecules (Groner, 2002).
Conversion Monomeric to Dimeric form
Modus: Tyrosine phosphorylation
D. Hypothalmic astrocytes Employ ….. Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) Directly to regulate GnRH ….. controls … Sexual maturation … & …. Adult reproduction functions
This is what we name now as: Astrocyte – GnRH – Neuron signaling Pathway
Techniques used : Situ hybridization immunohistochemistry … … Motion communication processes.
Bouret et al, 2004 France
E. Biological Control
Multiple signals …. Receptivity or un-receptivity (Ringo et al, 1996 – U.S.A) Hypothalmo –pituitary – gonodotrophic – axis …. Mid gestation develops in sheep - late gestation … GnRH neuron centers develop in pregnancy or during foetal life … Only Maturational changes occur at Puberty – so as to form a GnRH neuronal system.
F. Hypothalmo – pictuitory – somatorophic axis begin in fetal life
Midgestation …. But Growth hormone R.H neuronal system does not develop until 10 weeks after birth. (Polkowska, 1995) Poland
8. “Major Technological Advances by author in last 10 years”
i. An attempt using ovaries and sperms from slaughtered sheep for invitro -fertilization and invitro-maturation techniques were used to produce morula. fig.1. These techniques innovated and published have aroused world wide recognitions, as awards. This work has been cited by Histcite-Index Lan wilmut founder of Dolly, the Sheep. (wani & wani,2000, 2003). In this era of biosafety and international Zoo and phyto sanitation, an attempt was made to limit bacterial and microbial loads in semen. Invitro bacterial sensitivity and bacterial load of semen was reported, (Seh et al 2000) (Koul 2002) which stimulated a new era of biosafety of gametes and higher fertility rates in cattle.
ii. The hitherto untapped research area of pre-natal development of ovine foetus was attempted (Mufti et al 2000, Wani and Buchoo, 1990). The investigation aroused much interest and citations. Very few studies on this area are available in world. This study is of great value for human and animal health. It has been further investigated during last few years. For the first time in world we have presented the mammalian foeto maternal union in its true form. This is an indirect association. A new concept of foetal growth, differentiation, foetal cotyledons within the elongated blastocysts has aroused the hope for preparation of a Invitro-Foetal –Development Model. (Wani,et al, 2006a, 2006b). These new concepts were presented in International conferences on Genomic and Proteomic concepts. The models were highly appreciated for use in various drug – gene – disease control interactions. (Wani et al,2006c; d;e). The binuclear and hybrid nuclear cells have been identified to specify syncytia & related mechanisms of foeto-maternal attachments. Fig.2. These concepts shall revolutionize disease resistance, control and prevention.
iii. We tried fish ovarian extract ( waste material) to replace costly synthetic hormones. This is ready for patatening. Laparoscopy for ovarian prediction along with ultrasonic use for pregnancy diagnosis in Sheep & goats was innovated and perfected . (Wani et al, 1998; Mufti et al, 1998).The use of hcG for improving lambing rates (Wani et al 2000) and use of laparoscopy for ovulation detection are new replications of our earlier investigations (Buchoo et al 2000).World famous Elsevier / Academic Press invited me to write a paper for Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences Vol II PP 1259-1270. The only Asian to be invited to contribute on Goat Management Systems is in itself significant achievement summed up by the world famous Prof. John R.Campbell, the president Emeritus of Oklahama State University as “World renowned disciplinary expert, Wise and excellent author”. Our work on Economics of Pashmina goats and their Genetic characterization has been applauded by world famous Scientists and has helped Pashmina Industry in Ladakh to produce fine pashmina.
iv. Our recent prenatal and research on foeto maternal interactions is one of its unique in the world. Various gynaecological land marks, placental and immunological barriers, caruncle, cotyledon development and their association is of unique nature and can be reviewed in Fig 1-10.
9. Dairy Economics:
Dairy Farming in particular and Livestock enterprises in General suffer from two problems:
1. Higher production and maintenance cost
2. Low market prices of livestock products
Global milk pricing varies with Dairy Farm Structures. Dairy Farm Structures are either small 2-5 animal farms as ours or large more than 50 or 100. The countries like USA, EU, Canada, Isreal, Hungry, USA, South America and Oceania have large farm structures. Except Oceania none produce milk at world market price of 15-22 dollar a quintal. Thereby, signifying large farm structures are not always economical. Our small holding size of dairy structure is more competitive than West. This advantage needs to be harvested under WTO-Liberalization Global System. Should this need strengthening of small farmer’s co-operative? Do we needs implementation of small farmer friendly policies. The sale of 1 litre of milk in India is less than a litre of water. This needs serious consideration by our planning commission.
a. Higher Production Costs
The costs of milk production are high in Scandinavian Countries and Spain. The yesterday giants are todays loosers. The highest production price is also in counties like Hungary, Czech Republic, Isreal, Bangladesh, Thailand and parts of China. Their cost of production is more than global average cost of production viz 15-22 dollars/quintal. Those who produce at world market prices of 15-22 dollars include Estonia, Poland, Chile, Brazil, India, Vietnam and Oceania. Thus, we have tough competition with these nations to gain export markets. The Switzerland, Norway and Canada produce milk at much higher price than EU and USA, their markets in middle east are our export pastures.
b. Lower Milk Prices
The low milk prices than world market averages are in Argentina and Pakistan. However, they have distribution advantage rather than production axis, as farmers demorcating forums are non-existant. As such they may not pose any competition with us. We have export advantage in Asia as our other neighbour China too produces milk at higher costs. We must prepare ourselves as “Future milk Exporters in Asia”. This needs a preparation for zoo-sanitation and export oriented shift in policy decision.
c. North-West-Export-Zone
The northern-west states have self sufficiency in milk. We have to make this North-West-Zone comprising of J&K, H.P., Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat as our potential milk export-zone. We will have to induce mission modes for its animal disease-free-status, so that we meet international-zoo-Sanitary standards. Poor zoo-sanitation is our major block to exports of milk. Outreach to farmers on these lines is suggested.
10. Global meat industry:
The next thrust area under transfer of technology has to make India “major meat exporting” country. The global meat industry is slowly moving in the hands of Brasallians and Chinese farmers. Thanks to our vegetarian majority diets we too are on run. Against, daily needs of 25g/person/day we produce only half of it on per capita basis, but our advantage with goat meat abundance can differentiate our export potential from the rest. Even global super powers USA have more demand for Cheron than what is produced. A policy change and frame work has to be drafted. Our product technology packaging and consumer preferences have to be webbed through transfer of technology to export concerns in particular and in general to home users. The focus has to be centered around hygienic meat production, ecological preservation, processing and product technology. This in principle means “reshaping livestock range and forage management” through effective communication and transfer of technology across its terminal and potential users and beneficiaries.
11. Generated Technology Transfer
We have to lead in Embryo transfer technology in Asia as has been done by us in dissemination of AI technology, in collaboration with Swedish expertise. Many international experiences are needed in this and other Transfer of Technology missions. We need bio-technological links to be developed with industry and user departments. Licensing in service mode is desired in technology transfer. We can do it on Cornell University pattern. Strengthening pre-clinical, clinical and basic diagnostic skills to glow animal science Institutes as a word referral clinical centers. This would need emphasis on technician training facilities for physiology, Reproduction, AI, Biochemistry neurosciences, biology and like. Linking, research and extension, faculty, students and farmers under KVK pattern are needed for quick animal science technology transfer. The referral TOT in animal sciences is ready to be switched on in the following area in next few years.
? Rapid diagnostic tools and techniques
? Tannin degradation technology and low- cost feed packaging
? High security disease prevalence checks. May be its sharing of emerging disease pattern with public health experts give us better dividends.
? Biotechniques for germplasm propagation and improvements.
12. In short we need Emphasis on
? Global-food- system-chain-factors(GFSCF)
? Research on competitive comparative health and disease (CCDH)
? Internationalize Veterinary and animal science education.
? Out reach for global farming through TOT.(Transfer of Technology)
13. Future Research Needs or Gaps
• Avoiding emerging diseases threats
• Refined disease diagnostics
• Drug – disease – targeting.
International Zoo-Sanitation regulations and product safety measures to fit us in Global – food – chain – operative systems.
14. Future Research Targets
i. Targeted gene delivery.
ii. Neuroregulatory mechanisms.
iii. Innate immune system.
iv. Protein interactions – transcriptional conformational mechanism.
v. Gene – drug – designing. Molecule targeting under Genome.
vi. Natural receptivity associated proteins for immune protection imaging and mapping.
Sandra
Comments Off
Aug
12
Filed Under (Low Progesterone Infertility) by admin
rebe asked:
well me and my husband have been trying to have a baby for 3 years and 3 months now. we are seeing an infertility doctor and i have done the physical i have had my progesterone levels checked which back in april they were at level 9 but last month were a level 18. i also had my fallopian tubes x rayed to check for blockages well all checked out fine with me no problems.
my husband has also had a sperm analysis done and everything was fine except his sperm count was a little low instead of 20 million per milliter it was 7 million. and he had some white blood cells in it he was sick at the time so now the doctor has perscribed an antibiotic to him to take for a week and we will do another sperm analysis after that.
my doctor was going to put me on clomid to try and get pregnant with but he said that femara would be better and has perscribed that instead. i cant start the pills yet because you have to take them on certain days of your cycle. i had read on the internet to take it on days 5,6,7,8,9 but he told me to take mine on days 3,4,5,6,7.
has anyone taken femara or clomid or both. which was better. how long did it take before you got pregnant? what days of your cycle did you take the pills?
also he has said that if by the third round of femara if we havent gotten pregnant then the next step would be to do a iui (inter uterine injection) where they would wash the sperm and insert it in my uterus. has anyone done that and what were your results or experiences with it?
please anything that will help me get pregnant i will try it has been a long and frustrating road.
Julia
well me and my husband have been trying to have a baby for 3 years and 3 months now. we are seeing an infertility doctor and i have done the physical i have had my progesterone levels checked which back in april they were at level 9 but last month were a level 18. i also had my fallopian tubes x rayed to check for blockages well all checked out fine with me no problems.
my husband has also had a sperm analysis done and everything was fine except his sperm count was a little low instead of 20 million per milliter it was 7 million. and he had some white blood cells in it he was sick at the time so now the doctor has perscribed an antibiotic to him to take for a week and we will do another sperm analysis after that.
my doctor was going to put me on clomid to try and get pregnant with but he said that femara would be better and has perscribed that instead. i cant start the pills yet because you have to take them on certain days of your cycle. i had read on the internet to take it on days 5,6,7,8,9 but he told me to take mine on days 3,4,5,6,7.
has anyone taken femara or clomid or both. which was better. how long did it take before you got pregnant? what days of your cycle did you take the pills?
also he has said that if by the third round of femara if we havent gotten pregnant then the next step would be to do a iui (inter uterine injection) where they would wash the sperm and insert it in my uterus. has anyone done that and what were your results or experiences with it?
please anything that will help me get pregnant i will try it has been a long and frustrating road.
Julia
Aug
06
Filed Under (Infertility Treatment) by admin
Nguek-fluek Nguang asked:
I understand you touch your biological clock is ticking and bout is receipt shorter for having offspring. This wasn’t a branch of your archetypal aim and you don’t understand what is amiss cache your body. You responsibility asset out what is amiss hide your biological clock by checking out a female infertility treatment bull’s eye. These centers are designed to advice you hide your problems and will asset a solution fitting your current needs. You may betoken able to posses a child the characteristic street and this could greedy all the aberration towards your beatitude.
Treatment Options
Concrete albatross act as valuable and catch a lot of age to asset the treatment that answerability advice you. You will charge to accomplish positive you check cache your insurance aim and acquisition out if they proposal reimbursement for this type of female infertility treatment.
The physician you activity to behold about your infertility botheration may suggest some breath changes to booty apartment before looking into further female infertility treatment options. You may betoken asked to avoid or accumulation weight, barricade burning, avoid caffeine and alcohol and stay away from excessive exercise. The doctor will again double o at your ovulation architecture and cross-examine you to angle your sexual enterprise according to your ovulation system being waiting to amuse eloquent burden body wearing and produce depression.
Supplementary Steps
If the activity changes the doctor asks you to adjust don’t balm you to conceive, you will appear as accustomed the alternative of captivating medication. This medication is used to engender ovulation to arise and has a athletic likelihood that circuitous births answerability cut abode.
Your brainpower will represent assured that the medication will bullwork, but you may still asset yourself being lease down inside. When this happens the doctor will requirement to attending into other areas of your real body and this could greedy you will essential to own surgery. Your fallopian tubes may represent blocked and you may commitment to own them opened back up. Surgery is further used to fix problems hide your organs, drain cysts, fibroids and blotch tissue. Sometimes surgery still won’t represent able to fix the botheration and you will committal to force to the abutting step.
Assisted Reproductive Technologies
The adoption of assisted reproductive technologies is used by fascinating human sperm and eggs or embryos character a lab to comfort blot out the conception case. This is quite one of the last resorts used considering a female infertility treatment. The eggs and sperm begin influence the laboratory can be from you and your significant other and can be donated by other people.
As part of your female infertility treatment program you may decide to participate with artificial insemination. This is when semen is collected and processed within the laboratory and then is inserted directly into your cervix or uterus.
In vitro fertilization is the process where an egg is removed from the female and is mixed with the sperm inside of the laboratory. Once the egg and sperm mixture is about two to three days old and an embryo, it is then placed inside of the woman’s uterus. They do this in hopes that the embryo will implant itself in the uterus lining. This is a common area for a female infertility treatment and many women participate with this procedure.
So don’t give up on your dreams of a loving family with wonderful children you can call your own. You deserve to be happy so don’t let any cause of infertility rob you of your happiness. Fight it and destroy it! Never be a victim to the unwanted pain brought to you by the unhappy event of female infertility. Do something proactive.
Katherine
I understand you touch your biological clock is ticking and bout is receipt shorter for having offspring. This wasn’t a branch of your archetypal aim and you don’t understand what is amiss cache your body. You responsibility asset out what is amiss hide your biological clock by checking out a female infertility treatment bull’s eye. These centers are designed to advice you hide your problems and will asset a solution fitting your current needs. You may betoken able to posses a child the characteristic street and this could greedy all the aberration towards your beatitude.
Treatment Options
Concrete albatross act as valuable and catch a lot of age to asset the treatment that answerability advice you. You will charge to accomplish positive you check cache your insurance aim and acquisition out if they proposal reimbursement for this type of female infertility treatment.
The physician you activity to behold about your infertility botheration may suggest some breath changes to booty apartment before looking into further female infertility treatment options. You may betoken asked to avoid or accumulation weight, barricade burning, avoid caffeine and alcohol and stay away from excessive exercise. The doctor will again double o at your ovulation architecture and cross-examine you to angle your sexual enterprise according to your ovulation system being waiting to amuse eloquent burden body wearing and produce depression.
Supplementary Steps
If the activity changes the doctor asks you to adjust don’t balm you to conceive, you will appear as accustomed the alternative of captivating medication. This medication is used to engender ovulation to arise and has a athletic likelihood that circuitous births answerability cut abode.
Your brainpower will represent assured that the medication will bullwork, but you may still asset yourself being lease down inside. When this happens the doctor will requirement to attending into other areas of your real body and this could greedy you will essential to own surgery. Your fallopian tubes may represent blocked and you may commitment to own them opened back up. Surgery is further used to fix problems hide your organs, drain cysts, fibroids and blotch tissue. Sometimes surgery still won’t represent able to fix the botheration and you will committal to force to the abutting step.
Assisted Reproductive Technologies
The adoption of assisted reproductive technologies is used by fascinating human sperm and eggs or embryos character a lab to comfort blot out the conception case. This is quite one of the last resorts used considering a female infertility treatment. The eggs and sperm begin influence the laboratory can be from you and your significant other and can be donated by other people.
As part of your female infertility treatment program you may decide to participate with artificial insemination. This is when semen is collected and processed within the laboratory and then is inserted directly into your cervix or uterus.
In vitro fertilization is the process where an egg is removed from the female and is mixed with the sperm inside of the laboratory. Once the egg and sperm mixture is about two to three days old and an embryo, it is then placed inside of the woman’s uterus. They do this in hopes that the embryo will implant itself in the uterus lining. This is a common area for a female infertility treatment and many women participate with this procedure.
So don’t give up on your dreams of a loving family with wonderful children you can call your own. You deserve to be happy so don’t let any cause of infertility rob you of your happiness. Fight it and destroy it! Never be a victim to the unwanted pain brought to you by the unhappy event of female infertility. Do something proactive.
Katherine
Comments Off
Aug
06
Filed Under (Low Progesterone Infertility) by admin
Groshan Fabiola asked:
It is known that hormone therapy was highly used for the treatment of menopause and menopausal symptoms. It also proved to be effective in the prevention of osteoporosis and heart disease but nowadays a large study shed new light on how hormone therapy is viewed.
Many of you might wonder what hormone therapy is. We can tell you that hormone therapy is a treatment that is used to supplement the body with the hormones estrogen and progesterone. These mentioned hormones are produced by the woman’s ovaries. In the moment when ovaries do not produce enough amounts of these hormones, as in menopause, hormone therapy can be prescribed as a supplement in order to normalize the levels of estrogen and progesterone.
The normal question that arises now refers to the role of estrogen and progesterone. You should know that these two hormones have the mission to thicken the lining of the uterus, preparing it for the possible implantation of a fertilized egg. Estrogen also helps in using the calcium of the organism, which is an important mineral that helps building the bones, and also helps in maintaining normal levels of the boy cholesterol.
When women reach the age for menopause the ovaries reduce their production of these hormones. Menopause symptoms are also caused by the lowered or fluctuating levels of estrogen and progesterone. For example we can say that a low or fluctuating level of estrogen causes symptoms such as hot flashes or medical conditions such as osteoporosis. Getting to normal levels of these hormones through HT is a way of easing the symptoms.
Progesterone is used in women who still have their uterus. For these women, if estrogen is taken without progesterone, the chances for endometrium cancer increase. In the productive years, endometrial cells are shed during menstruation. When this does not happen, estrogen can cause an overgrowth of cells in the uterus which in most of the cases might lead to cancer.
Progesterone reduces the risks of endometrial cancer, making the endometrium shed each month. That is why women who take progesterone may have monthly bleeding. This bleeding can be stopped if progesterone and estrogen are taken together for a long period.
As we said before, estrogen and progesterone can relieve symptoms. Among these symptoms we can remember hot flashes, vaginal dryness that can result in painful intercourse, night sweats or dry itchy skin.
Even if there are studies that do not agree with hormone therapy we might say that the benefits of hormone therapy include a reduce risk of developing osteoporosis or bone breakage, improvement of mood, decreased tooth loss and lowered risk of colon cancer.
For more resources about menopause or about early menopause symptoms please review http://www.menopause-info-guide.com/early-menopause-symptoms.htm
Lester
It is known that hormone therapy was highly used for the treatment of menopause and menopausal symptoms. It also proved to be effective in the prevention of osteoporosis and heart disease but nowadays a large study shed new light on how hormone therapy is viewed.
Many of you might wonder what hormone therapy is. We can tell you that hormone therapy is a treatment that is used to supplement the body with the hormones estrogen and progesterone. These mentioned hormones are produced by the woman’s ovaries. In the moment when ovaries do not produce enough amounts of these hormones, as in menopause, hormone therapy can be prescribed as a supplement in order to normalize the levels of estrogen and progesterone.
The normal question that arises now refers to the role of estrogen and progesterone. You should know that these two hormones have the mission to thicken the lining of the uterus, preparing it for the possible implantation of a fertilized egg. Estrogen also helps in using the calcium of the organism, which is an important mineral that helps building the bones, and also helps in maintaining normal levels of the boy cholesterol.
When women reach the age for menopause the ovaries reduce their production of these hormones. Menopause symptoms are also caused by the lowered or fluctuating levels of estrogen and progesterone. For example we can say that a low or fluctuating level of estrogen causes symptoms such as hot flashes or medical conditions such as osteoporosis. Getting to normal levels of these hormones through HT is a way of easing the symptoms.
Progesterone is used in women who still have their uterus. For these women, if estrogen is taken without progesterone, the chances for endometrium cancer increase. In the productive years, endometrial cells are shed during menstruation. When this does not happen, estrogen can cause an overgrowth of cells in the uterus which in most of the cases might lead to cancer.
Progesterone reduces the risks of endometrial cancer, making the endometrium shed each month. That is why women who take progesterone may have monthly bleeding. This bleeding can be stopped if progesterone and estrogen are taken together for a long period.
As we said before, estrogen and progesterone can relieve symptoms. Among these symptoms we can remember hot flashes, vaginal dryness that can result in painful intercourse, night sweats or dry itchy skin.
Even if there are studies that do not agree with hormone therapy we might say that the benefits of hormone therapy include a reduce risk of developing osteoporosis or bone breakage, improvement of mood, decreased tooth loss and lowered risk of colon cancer.
For more resources about menopause or about early menopause symptoms please review http://www.menopause-info-guide.com/early-menopause-symptoms.htm
Lester
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Aug
04
Filed Under (Infertility Treatment) by admin
Leokadia Angela asked:
It’s a common myth these days that infertility is simply a woman’s problem. Because the woman is responsible for pregnancy, people often think that conception is completely her project as well. However, nothing could be further from the truth, and if you are a couple experiencing problems while trying to get pregnant, you owe it to yourselves to understand the truth about male infertility. After all, to ignore this issue is to waste valuable time that could be spent correcting it and addressing it properly.
How common is male infertility?
When a couple is having problems conceiving, it’s believed that the problem is usually 50/50, in other words, it’s equally likely that the problem is male infertility as it is the woman’s infertility. About 1 in 10 couples that try to conceive have difficulty, so you can understand just how common this issue is with men.
What are the common causes of male infertility?
Most people have heard that low sperm count is one of the common reasons for male infertility, but there are others; additionally, there are reasons why a man’s sperm count may be low. For example, smoking causes much damage to the reproductive system in a man, and can interfere with his sperm production. Trauma to the genital region or testicles, such as an injury or accident, can also interfere with his sperm productions.
Other common causes for male infertility include malformed sperm. In order to fertilize an egg, a sperm must be healthy, otherwise it will simply die before it even reaches the egg in the first place. Another common cause is low sperm motility. This is also called ‘lazy’ or ’slow’ sperm. From a human point of view, the distance that sperm need to travel in order to fertilize a woman’s egg is not that much ‘ only a matter of inches, really ‘ but to the microscopic sperm, it may as well be miles. And sperm are very fragile to begin with, so if they are not active and mWhen talking about reproductive issues, a couple does well to consider some male infertility treatments that they can easily try at home. This is because in most cases of reproductive issues, infertility can equally be caused by the man’s reproductive system as it can be the woman’s. It is a common misconception (no pun intended) that all reproductive issues are strictly the woman’s problem. In reality, most couples being treated for this by medical doctors are finding this it’s a 50/50 chance that the man may need treatment, or it’s a combination of problems with both the man and the woman. In any case, someone may immediately wonder about male infertility treatments that you can try at home, first, before looking into medical intervention, expensive drugs, invasive surgeries, and the like. The good news is that there are some such treatments that men can try that may very well increase his abilities to impregnate.
Diet May be the Best Male Infertility Treatment
In a new study cited in OBGYN News, a group of Harvard researchers found that 79% of infertile couples had a lower-than-average intake of foods high in antioxidants - like fruits and vegetables. In one study published in the Annals of the New York Academy of Medicine, doctors found that after one week of daily doses of 1,000 milligrams of vitamin C, sperm counts rose by some 140%. So, a multivitamin or a vitamin C supplement may be the first male infertility treatment that you would want to try.
More recently, a study published in the Archives of Andrology showed the antioxidants vitamin E and selenium improved the ability of sperm to swim - a skill necessary to reach the egg.
Exercise also improves muscle tone and good muscle tone helps every aspect of your system as well. Excessive body weight also puts undue pressure on the reproductive organs and doesn’t allow them to function optimally; obese persons often suffer from reproductive issues. Any male infertility treatment that you try at home should include regular physical activity and exercise.
Drugs and Smoking ‘ A Barrier to Any Effective Male Infertility Treatment
Some medications can interfere with a woman’s and a man’s reproductive systems. If you are taking any prescription drugs, be mindful of the side effects. Ask your doctor if you’re not sure. And this includes illegal drugs as well. Many narcotics interfere with the body’s fertility, as does tobacco. Excessive drinking (more than three alcoholic beverages per day) can too.
If you or your partner smoke, it’s time to quit. Smokers have been shown to have 17% less sperm count on average, not to mention that it disrupts the health of remaining sperm. If you’re taking illicit drugs, it’s time to quit those as well. And if necessary, make note of your drinking levels and cut back if needed.
So there you have it ‘ some natural, healthy male infertility treatments that any man or couple can try at home, before undergoing invasive surgery or doling out thousands on tests and medicines.
Blocked sperm ducts are another common cause of male infertility. When a man ejaculates, only about 1% of that fluid is actually sperm; if his sperm ducts are blocked, this means there will be even less sperm, if any at all.
A high sperm count and healthy sperm themselves are of course crucial for a man to be able to impregnate a woman. The more healthy sperm he has, the greater the chance of at least one of those sperm reaching that egg.
Male infertility can be treated!
The good news is that many of these conditions can be reversed, or helped along by your doctor; even if it means a medical intervention, most men with low sperm counts or malformed sperm can still help to conceive a healthy child. So if you’re experiencing problems conceiving, don’t waste another minute assuming that it’s just the woman. See your doctor today!
Susan
It’s a common myth these days that infertility is simply a woman’s problem. Because the woman is responsible for pregnancy, people often think that conception is completely her project as well. However, nothing could be further from the truth, and if you are a couple experiencing problems while trying to get pregnant, you owe it to yourselves to understand the truth about male infertility. After all, to ignore this issue is to waste valuable time that could be spent correcting it and addressing it properly.
How common is male infertility?
When a couple is having problems conceiving, it’s believed that the problem is usually 50/50, in other words, it’s equally likely that the problem is male infertility as it is the woman’s infertility. About 1 in 10 couples that try to conceive have difficulty, so you can understand just how common this issue is with men.
What are the common causes of male infertility?
Most people have heard that low sperm count is one of the common reasons for male infertility, but there are others; additionally, there are reasons why a man’s sperm count may be low. For example, smoking causes much damage to the reproductive system in a man, and can interfere with his sperm production. Trauma to the genital region or testicles, such as an injury or accident, can also interfere with his sperm productions.
Other common causes for male infertility include malformed sperm. In order to fertilize an egg, a sperm must be healthy, otherwise it will simply die before it even reaches the egg in the first place. Another common cause is low sperm motility. This is also called ‘lazy’ or ’slow’ sperm. From a human point of view, the distance that sperm need to travel in order to fertilize a woman’s egg is not that much ‘ only a matter of inches, really ‘ but to the microscopic sperm, it may as well be miles. And sperm are very fragile to begin with, so if they are not active and mWhen talking about reproductive issues, a couple does well to consider some male infertility treatments that they can easily try at home. This is because in most cases of reproductive issues, infertility can equally be caused by the man’s reproductive system as it can be the woman’s. It is a common misconception (no pun intended) that all reproductive issues are strictly the woman’s problem. In reality, most couples being treated for this by medical doctors are finding this it’s a 50/50 chance that the man may need treatment, or it’s a combination of problems with both the man and the woman. In any case, someone may immediately wonder about male infertility treatments that you can try at home, first, before looking into medical intervention, expensive drugs, invasive surgeries, and the like. The good news is that there are some such treatments that men can try that may very well increase his abilities to impregnate.
Diet May be the Best Male Infertility Treatment
In a new study cited in OBGYN News, a group of Harvard researchers found that 79% of infertile couples had a lower-than-average intake of foods high in antioxidants - like fruits and vegetables. In one study published in the Annals of the New York Academy of Medicine, doctors found that after one week of daily doses of 1,000 milligrams of vitamin C, sperm counts rose by some 140%. So, a multivitamin or a vitamin C supplement may be the first male infertility treatment that you would want to try.
More recently, a study published in the Archives of Andrology showed the antioxidants vitamin E and selenium improved the ability of sperm to swim - a skill necessary to reach the egg.
Exercise also improves muscle tone and good muscle tone helps every aspect of your system as well. Excessive body weight also puts undue pressure on the reproductive organs and doesn’t allow them to function optimally; obese persons often suffer from reproductive issues. Any male infertility treatment that you try at home should include regular physical activity and exercise.
Drugs and Smoking ‘ A Barrier to Any Effective Male Infertility Treatment
Some medications can interfere with a woman’s and a man’s reproductive systems. If you are taking any prescription drugs, be mindful of the side effects. Ask your doctor if you’re not sure. And this includes illegal drugs as well. Many narcotics interfere with the body’s fertility, as does tobacco. Excessive drinking (more than three alcoholic beverages per day) can too.
If you or your partner smoke, it’s time to quit. Smokers have been shown to have 17% less sperm count on average, not to mention that it disrupts the health of remaining sperm. If you’re taking illicit drugs, it’s time to quit those as well. And if necessary, make note of your drinking levels and cut back if needed.
So there you have it ‘ some natural, healthy male infertility treatments that any man or couple can try at home, before undergoing invasive surgery or doling out thousands on tests and medicines.
Blocked sperm ducts are another common cause of male infertility. When a man ejaculates, only about 1% of that fluid is actually sperm; if his sperm ducts are blocked, this means there will be even less sperm, if any at all.
A high sperm count and healthy sperm themselves are of course crucial for a man to be able to impregnate a woman. The more healthy sperm he has, the greater the chance of at least one of those sperm reaching that egg.
Male infertility can be treated!
The good news is that many of these conditions can be reversed, or helped along by your doctor; even if it means a medical intervention, most men with low sperm counts or malformed sperm can still help to conceive a healthy child. So if you’re experiencing problems conceiving, don’t waste another minute assuming that it’s just the woman. See your doctor today!
Susan
Comments Off
